How Did They Choose Presidents For Mt. Rushmore

Imagine standing at the base of Mount Rushmore, gazing up at the colossal faces carved into the granite. Each president seems to emanate a sense of strength, vision, and enduring legacy. But have you ever wondered how these particular four presidents—George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt—were chosen to be immortalized in stone? It wasn't a simple popularity contest, but a carefully considered selection process driven by the sculptor Gutzon Borglum's vision and influenced by the historical context of the early 20th century.

The selection of presidents for Mount Rushmore was a complex process driven primarily by the sculptor Gutzon Borglum. His criteria were based on historical significance and the symbolic representation of the nation's founding, growth, preservation, and development. While a committee of South Dakota historians and community leaders was involved, Borglum retained ultimate authority over the selection. So, how did they choose the presidents for Mt. Rushmore? Let's dive into the stories and reasons behind each selection to understand the complete picture.

Main Subheading

The idea for a monumental sculpture in the Black Hills of South Dakota was initially conceived not as a presidential memorial, but as a way to boost tourism to the region. South Dakota state historian Doane Robinson originally proposed sculpting the likenesses of Western heroes like Buffalo Bill Cody and prominent Native American figures. However, when Gutzon Borglum, a renowned sculptor known for his large-scale patriotic works, became involved in 1924, the vision shifted dramatically.

Borglum believed that the monument should have broader national significance. He argued that depicting presidents, figures recognized and respected across the country, would attract more visitors and better represent American ideals. He sought to create a sculpture that would speak to future generations about the core values of the United States, such as democracy, freedom, and progress. He wanted to choose presidents who were iconic and whose accomplishments would resonate deeply with the American public.

Comprehensive Overview

The selection of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt for Mount Rushmore wasn't arbitrary. Borglum had specific reasons for choosing each president, rooted in their contributions to American history and the symbolic values they represented.

George Washington: As the first president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Washington was a natural choice. He symbolized the founding of the nation and the birth of American democracy. His leadership and integrity were seen as essential qualities for a fledgling nation, and his presence on Mount Rushmore was intended to represent the very foundation upon which the United States was built. Borglum admired Washington's strength, resolve, and commitment to public service.

Thomas Jefferson: Jefferson, the third president and principal author of the Declaration of Independence, was chosen to represent the growth of the United States. His role in drafting the Declaration, which enshrined the principles of liberty, equality, and self-government, was considered pivotal. Furthermore, the Louisiana Purchase, orchestrated by Jefferson, doubled the size of the country and opened up vast new territories for expansion and development. Borglum recognized Jefferson as a visionary leader who expanded not only the physical boundaries of the nation but also its ideals of freedom and opportunity.

Abraham Lincoln: Lincoln, the 16th president, was selected to symbolize the preservation of the United States. His leadership during the Civil War and his unwavering commitment to preserving the Union were seen as paramount. Lincoln's role in ending slavery and promoting equality also aligned with Borglum's vision of America as a land of freedom and justice. Lincoln's image on Mount Rushmore serves as a constant reminder of the sacrifices made to keep the nation united and to uphold its founding principles.

Theodore Roosevelt: Roosevelt, the 26th president, was chosen to represent the development of the United States in the 20th century. His progressive policies, conservation efforts, and assertive foreign policy were seen as hallmarks of American progress and innovation. Roosevelt championed the construction of the Panama Canal, regulated corporations, and advocated for the protection of natural resources. Borglum admired Roosevelt's energy, his commitment to social reform, and his vision of America as a global power.

The physical characteristics of each president also played a role in Borglum's decision. He wanted faces that would be easily recognizable and that would lend themselves well to the monumental scale of the sculpture. The strong features of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Roosevelt provided the visual impact that Borglum sought. He strategically positioned each face to take advantage of the natural contours of the mountain, creating a harmonious and balanced composition.

Beyond their individual contributions, the four presidents were also chosen to represent a progression of American history. Washington symbolized the birth of the nation, Jefferson its expansion, Lincoln its preservation, and Roosevelt its development into a modern world power. Together, they formed a narrative of American progress and achievement that Borglum hoped would inspire future generations.

Trends and Latest Developments

Today, the selection of presidents for Mount Rushmore continues to be a subject of discussion and debate. Some critics argue that the monument is not representative of the diversity of American history and that other presidents, or even individuals from marginalized groups, should have been included. There have been calls for the addition of other figures, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt or more representation of women and minorities, to better reflect the evolving understanding of American history and its complex narratives.

Public opinion on Mount Rushmore is complex and often divided. Many Americans view it as a symbol of national pride and a tribute to the country's founding ideals. Others see it as a controversial representation of American history, one that overlooks the contributions of marginalized groups and the negative aspects of American expansionism. Native American groups, in particular, have criticized the monument for being carved into land sacred to the Lakota Sioux, arguing that it represents a desecration of their cultural heritage.

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the need for a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of American history. Museums and historical sites are increasingly incorporating diverse perspectives and challenging traditional narratives. While it is unlikely that the faces on Mount Rushmore will be changed, there is a growing recognition of the need to acknowledge the complexities of American history and to represent a broader range of voices and experiences.

Tips and Expert Advice

Understanding the historical context of Mount Rushmore and the criteria used to select the presidents can enrich your experience when visiting the monument. Rather than simply viewing it as a static representation of American history, consider it as a snapshot of the values and priorities of the early 20th century.

Research Each President: Before visiting Mount Rushmore, take some time to research the lives and accomplishments of each president. Understanding their contributions to American history will give you a deeper appreciation for their presence on the monument. Read biographies, watch documentaries, or explore online resources to learn more about Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Roosevelt. Knowing the specifics of their presidencies and the challenges they faced will enhance your understanding of the monument's significance.

Consider the Historical Context: Remember that Mount Rushmore was conceived and created during a specific period in American history. The values and beliefs of the early 20th century influenced the selection of presidents and the overall design of the monument. Consider the social, political, and economic context of the time, including the rise of nationalism, the Progressive Era, and the ongoing debates about American identity. Understanding this context will help you interpret the monument in a more nuanced way.

Reflect on the Monument's Legacy: Mount Rushmore has been a symbol of American pride and patriotism for generations. However, it is also important to reflect on the monument's legacy and its impact on different groups of people. Consider the perspectives of Native Americans and other marginalized communities who may have different interpretations of American history. Think about how the monument represents American ideals and whether it accurately reflects the country's diverse experiences.

Engage in Dialogue: Visiting Mount Rushmore can be an opportunity to engage in meaningful dialogue about American history and identity. Talk to other visitors, park rangers, or local historians to learn more about the monument's history and its significance. Share your own perspectives and listen to the viewpoints of others. Engaging in respectful and open-minded conversations can deepen your understanding of the monument and its place in American culture.

Explore Alternative Perspectives: Seek out alternative perspectives on Mount Rushmore and American history. Read books and articles by historians, Native American scholars, and other experts who offer different interpretations of the monument and its significance. Explore online resources that provide diverse viewpoints and challenge traditional narratives. By engaging with a variety of perspectives, you can gain a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of American history and its complex legacies.

FAQ

Q: Why were these specific four presidents chosen for Mount Rushmore? A: George Washington symbolized the founding of the nation, Thomas Jefferson its expansion, Abraham Lincoln its preservation, and Theodore Roosevelt its development.

Q: Did anyone else have input into the selection of the presidents? A: While Gutzon Borglum consulted with a committee of South Dakota historians, he ultimately made the final decision.

Q: Is there any plan to add more presidents to Mount Rushmore? A: No, there are no current plans to add any additional faces to Mount Rushmore. The existing sculpture is considered complete.

Q: What is the Native American perspective on Mount Rushmore? A: Many Native Americans view Mount Rushmore as a desecration of sacred land and a symbol of broken treaties and cultural oppression.

Q: How long did it take to carve Mount Rushmore? A: Construction began in 1927 and continued until 1941, with most of the work being completed in the 1930s.

Conclusion

The selection of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt for Mount Rushmore was a deliberate and carefully considered decision. Gutzon Borglum's vision, shaped by the values of the early 20th century, sought to create a monument that would inspire future generations and represent the core ideals of the United States. While the monument remains a subject of debate and discussion, understanding the historical context and the criteria used to select the presidents can enrich your appreciation of this iconic American landmark.

Now, we encourage you to share your thoughts. What does Mount Rushmore mean to you? Which other figures do you think could represent American ideals, and why? Leave a comment below and let's discuss the ever-evolving story of American history.